ABSTRACT Knowing the proliferative capacity of herbicide-resistant weeds is the basis for the integrated management. We collected seeds of two Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. populations (TS and WH) from rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in eastern China (F0 populations), and those from individuals surviving the initial metamifop treatment (F1 lines) were tested for their responses to metamifop, and common garden experiments were conducted to compare their productivities. We found that TS was highly resistant to metamifop, and WH was susceptible. After treated with metamifop at the label dose (120 g ai ha-1), averagely 56% and 16% of TS and WH F1 lines contained surviving seedlings, and averagely 24% and 1% F1 seedlings survived among total seedlings of the same population, respectively. After treated with metamifop at a dose of 0, 60, 120 or 240 g ai ha-1, surviving F0 plants escaped from higher doses reproduced higher proportions of metamifop-resistant F1 progenies in both populations. At 120 d after sowing (DAS), TS individuals surviving 2 × label dose of metamifop showed nonsignificant difference in plant heights, biomass and seed production, compared with relative control treatment; while WH plants surviving the label dose of metamifop decreased seed production by 25%-39%. One WH and TS plant individual surviving metamifop treatment at the label dose may generate 10-21 and 490-701 progenies resistant to the label dose of metamifop, respectively.

Abstract Linolenic acid is an important fatty acid, and volatiles generated by its oxidation are the major components of food flavor. In this study, volatile components generated from linolenic acid during heating were detected and analyzed by using thermal desorption cryo-trapping system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 52 volatile compounds were identified, including aldehydes (18), ketones (12), alcohols (6), furans (4), acids (6) and aromatic compounds (6). The forming temperature of each volatile compound was also determined. It was found that most volatile compounds with shorter carbon chains were mainly generated at lower temperatures, while volatile compounds with longer carbon chains were mainly produced at higher temperatures. Results of principal component analysis show that most of the identified volatiles were considered as the characteristic ones of the high temperature points. Potential thermal oxidation mechanism of linolenic acid was also given at the same time.

ABSTRACT Introduction Basketball is a sport with strong rivalry, being, therefore, a modality with great facility to cause sports injuries along its practice. Objective Investigate the status of sports injuries in college basketball for amateur students. Methods 480 college students who were not basketball experts were selected as research volunteers. The current status of sports injuries in the 12-week optional basketball course was investigated, and the main risk factors were analyzed. Results Among amateur male college students, the average playing age of third-grade male college students is higher than that of second-grade male college students, and the weekly playing frequency is lower than that of second-grade male college students. The incidence of basketball sports injuries among male college students who do not specialize in basketball from childhood to adulthood is up to 90.7%, and 85.5% during their college years. Conclusion In basketball sports, the most vulnerable parts of amateur male college students are the wrist joint, ankle joint, knee joint, leg, head and face, shoulder, waist, and back, respectively. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción El baloncesto es un deporte de fuerte rivalidad, siendo por tanto una modalidad con gran facilidad para provocar lesiones deportivas a lo largo de su práctica. Objetivo Investigar la situación de las lesiones deportivas en el baloncesto universitario para estudiantes aficionados. Métodos Se seleccionaron 480 estudiantes universitarios no especializados en baloncesto como voluntarios para la investigación, y se investigó la situación actual de las lesiones deportivas en el curso optativo de baloncesto de 12 semanas, donde se analizaron los principales factores de riesgo. Resultados Entre los estudiantes universitarios aficionados de sexo masculino, la edad media de juego de los estudiantes universitarios de tercer grado es superior a la de los estudiantes universitarios de segundo grado, y la frecuencia semanal de juego es inferior a la de los estudiantes universitarios de segundo grado. La incidencia de las lesiones deportivas de baloncesto entre los estudiantes universitarios de sexo masculino no especializados en baloncesto desde la infancia hasta la edad adulta es de hasta el 90,7%, y del 85,5% durante sus años universitarios. Conclusión En el proceso de los deportes de baloncesto, las partes más vulnerables de los estudiantes universitarios aficionados varones son la articulación de la muñeca, la articulación del tobillo, la articulación de la rodilla, la pierna, la cabeza y la cara, el hombro, la cintura y la espalda, respectivamente. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução O basquetebol é um esporte com forte rivalidade, sendo por isso uma modalidade com muita facilidade de causar lesões esportivas ao longo de sua prática. Objetivo Investigar a situação das lesões esportivas no basquetebol universitário para estudantes amadores. Métodos 480 estudantes universitários que não eram especializados em basquetebol foram selecionados como voluntários de pesquisa, e a situação atual das lesões esportivas no curso opcional de basquetebol de 12 semanas foi investigada, onde os principais fatores de risco foram analisados. Resultados Entre os estudantes universitários masculinos amadores, a idade média de jogo dos estudantes universitários masculinos da terceira série é maior do que a da segunda série, e a frequência semanal de jogo é menor do que a dos estudantes universitários masculinos da segunda série. A incidência de lesões esportivas de basquetebol entre os estudantes universitários masculinos que não são especializados em basquetebol desde a infância até a idade adulta é de até 90,7%, e 85,5% durante seus anos universitários. Conclusão No processo dos esportes de basquetebol, as partes mais vulneráveis dos estudantes universitários masculinos amadores são a articulação do pulso, articulação do tornozelo, articulação do joelho, perna, cabeça e rosto, ombro, cintura e costas, respectivamente. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Abstract Transfection efficiency was estimated to optimize the conditions for RNA interference (RNAi), including transfection time, validity, and nucleic acid concentration and type, using the EZ Trans Cell Reagent, a cationic polymer. An shRNA against GFP was designed and transfected into cells using the EZ transfection reagent. The shRNA significantly decreased the expression of GFP. In addition, pre-diluted transfection reagent at room temperature and small nucleic acids increased the transfection efficiency, which peaked at 24 h. Compared with circular nucleic acids, linear nucleic acids showed higher transfection efficiency and a higher genome integration rate. We optimized cationic polymer-mediated RNAi conditions, and our data will be useful for future RNAi studies.

Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential functional properties, structural characteristics and biological activities of the hydrolysates of deer blood obtained by using different protease. Deer blood hydrolysate treated by pepsin (DBH-P) and treated by alacase (DBH-A) showed higher degree of hydrolysis (DH) and smaller molecular weight (Mw). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), solubility, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), secondary structure, color properties, amino acids and antioxidant porperties. The results suggest that the type of protease used for the treatment significantly influences the functional properties, structural characteristics and biological activities of the resulting hydrolysates.

Abstract Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), especially their important subclass of long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), have been identified in some insects. They play important roles in the regulation of biological processes, such as immune response or cell differentiation and as possible evolutionary precursors for protein coding genes. House dust mites (HDMs) are recognized as allergenic mites because allergens are found in their feces and bodies. Dermatophagoides farinae is one of the most important pyroglyphid mites because of its abundance in the household. To determine if lincRNAs can regulate allergen presentation in HDMs, we analyzed RNA-seq data for HDMs. We identified 11 lincRNAs that are related to mRNAs coding for allergens in HDMs. Using qRT-PCR, we amplified 10 lincRNAs and their putative target allergen-encoding mRNAs, confirming expression of these lincRNAs and allergen genes. The results suggest that lincRNAs might be involved in the regulation of allergen production in HDMs and might represent potential acaricidal candidates to inhibit mite allergen production.

It is increasingly evident that the microenvironment of bone can influence cancer phenotype in many ways that favor growth in bone. CD147, a transmembrane protein of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, was identified independently in different species and has many designations across different species. However, expression levels of CD147 mRNA in bone cancer have not been described. In this study, we have used real-time fluorescence quantification (RT-PCR) to demonstrate CD147 expression in malignant bone cancer and benign bone tumor tissues. The results suggested that the expression of CD147 gene was significantly up-regulated in malignant bone cancer. Moreover, we found that over-expressed RANKL progressively enhanced osteoclast formation up to 48 h, which suggested that RANKL could promote the formation of osteoclast, indicating that both CD147 and RANKL play important roles in the formation of osteoclasts. Furthermore, the expressions of four osteoclast specific expression genes, including TRACP, MMP-2, MMP-9 and c-Src, were analyzed using RT-PCR. The results indicated that four osteoclast-specific expression genes were detectable in all osteoclast with different treatments. However, the highest expression level of these four osteoclast-specific expression genes appears in the CD147+ RANKL group and the lowest expression level of these four osteoclast-specific expression genes appears with si-RANKL treatment. Characterization of the role of CD147 in the development of tumors should lead to a better understanding of the changes occurring at the molecular level during the development and progression of primary human bone cancer.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate whether intracavernosal injection of short hairpin RNA for IGFBP-3 could improve erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods After 12 weeks of IGFBP-3 short hairpin RNA injection treatment, intracavernous pressure responses to electrical stimulation of cavernous nerves were evaluated. The expression of IGFBP-3 and IGF-1 at mRNA and protein levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR analysis and Western blot, respectively. The concentration of cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results At 12 weeks after intracavernous administration of IGFBP-3 shRNA, the cavernosal pressure was significantly increased in response to the cavernous nerves stimulation compared to the diabetic group (P<0.05). Cavernous IGFBP-3 expression at both mRNA and protein levels was significantly inhibited. At the same time, cavernous IGF-1 expression was significantly increased in the IGFBP-3 shRNA treatment group compared to the diabetic group (P<0.01). Cavernous cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration was significantly increased in the IGFBP-3 shRNA treatment group compared to the diabetic group (P<0.01). Conclusions Gene transfer of IGFBP-3 shRNA could improve erectile function via the restoration of cavernous IGF-1 bioavailability and an increase of cavernous cGMP concentration in the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Background A simple, rapid, low-cost and environmentally friendly method was developed to determine dopamine (DA) in the presence of ascorbic (AA) and uric acid (UA) based on a novel technique to prepare a graphene-chitosan (GR-CS) nanocomposite and modify it on the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE). For our design, CS acts as a media to disperse and stabilize GR, and then GR plays a key role to selective and sensitive determination of DA. Results Under physiological conditions, the linear range for dopamine was determined from 1 × 10- 4 to 2 × 10- 7 mol/L with a good correlation coefficient of 0.9961 in the presence of 1000-fold interference of AA and UA. The detection limit was estimated to be 9.82 × 10- 8 mol/L (S/N = 3). In order to study the stability and reproducibility, GR/CS/CPE underwent successive measurements in 10 times and then tested once a d for 30 d. The result exhibited 98.25% and 91.62% activities compared with the original peak current after 10-time measurements and 30-d storage. Conclusion The GR/CS/CPE has wide linear concentration range, low detection limit, and good reproducibility and stability, which suggests that our investigations provide a promising alternative for clinic DA determination.

Orthogonal design was employed to study the effect of extraction time, temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio on the production of antioxidant polysaccharides from leaves of Gynura bicolor (PLG). Analysis of variance was performed on the data obtained. The most relevant variable was extraction time. A liquid-solid ratio of 30:1 (v/w), a temperature of 80 °C and an extraction time of 3 h were found to be optimal for PLG. The optimal extraction yield of 4.9% was obtained through additional verification test. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability of PLG were determined. PLG possess concentration-dependent antioxidant potency and IC50 of PLG was 4.67, 0.24 and 4.31 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical-scavenging and ferric ion chelating abilities as well as reducing power, respectively. The results suggest that G. bicolor polysaccharides could be potential source of natural antioxidant and be contributor to the health benefits of G. bicolor.

Background: Light can be absorbed by bacterial pigment and affects its growth. Prodigiosin is a red pigment found in various bacterial species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of light on prodigiosin production, biomass formation, and membrane integrity of Serratia marcescens y2. Results: S. marcescens y2 grew better and produced more intracellular prodigiosin in darkness than in illumination. The pigment leakage ratio from cells was detected more in light than in darkness conditions. Ethidium bromide uptake assay could visually prove the prodigiosin-related loss of membrane integrity under illumination. A higher concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected in light-treated culture than in darkness. Tests of different light treatments (red, yellow, blue and green) showed that the maximum extracellular pigment and the minimum biomass formation and intracellular pigment were obtained in green light. Conclusions: Prodigiosin could absorb light, and then initiate phototoxicity damage of the cytomembrane.